a

ACTION LISTS
A specific IS Service Continuity Management term referring to defined actions, allocated to recovery teams & individuals, within a phase of a plan

ACTIVATION
The implementation of business continuity capabilities, procedures, activities, and plans in response to an emergency or disaster declaration; the execution of the recovery plan

ACTIVITY
Processes carried out by an organisation, for example Accounts (also see Business Activity)

ACCESS OVERLOAD CONTROL (ACCOLC)
The ACCess OverLoad Control scheme gives call preference to registered essential users on the four main mobile networks in the UK if the scheme is invoked during an emergency

AGREED SERVICE TIME
The time during which a particular IS service is agreed to be fully available, ideally as defined in the Service Level Agreement

ALERT PHASE
The first phase of a Business Continuity Plan in which the initial emergency procedures & damage assessments are activated

ALERT
Notification that a potential disaster situation is imminent exists or has occurred; usually includes a directive for personnel. To stand by for possible activation

ALTERNATE ROUTING
The routing of information via another medium should the primary means become unavailable

ALTERNATE SITE
An alternate operating location to be used by business functions when the primary facilities are inaccessible

ALTERNATE WORK AREA
Recovery environment complete with necessary infrastructure (desk, telephone, workstation, and associated hardware and equipment, communications, etc)

APPLICATION RECOVERY
The component of Disaster Recovery that deals specifically with the restoration of business system software and data after the processing platform has been restored or replaced

ASSEMBLY AREA
The designated area at which employees, visitors, and contractors assemble if evacuated from their building/site

ASSET
An item of property and/or component of a business activity/process owned by an organization

ASSURANCE
The activity & method whereby an organisation can verify & validate its BCM capability

ANNUAL LOSS EXPOSURE/EXPECTANCY (ALE)
A risk management method of calculating loss based on a value and level of frequency

AUDIT
The method by which procedures and/or documentation are measured against pre-agreed standards

AUTOMATIC FAILOVER
The ability to automatically re-route end users and applications to a replica server, where they can continue to just keep working with minimal interruption and productivity loss

AVAILABILITY
An umbrella term that includes reliability (including resilience), maintainability, serviceability & security

b

BACKLOG
a) The amount of work that accumulates when a system or process is unavailable for a long period of time. This work needs to be processed once the system or process is available and may take a considerable amount of time to process. b) A situation whereby a backlog of work requires more time to action than is available through normal working patterns. In extreme circumstances, the backlog may become so marked that the backlog cannot be cleared.

BACKLOG TRAP
The effect on the business of a backlog of work that develops when a system or process is unavailable for a long period, and which may take a considerable length of time to reduce

BACK-OUT PLAN
A plan that documents all actions to be taken to restore the service if the associated Change or Release fails or partially fails

BACKUP (Data)
A process, by which data, electronic or paper based, is copied in some form so as to be available and used if the original data from which it originated is lost, destroyed or corrupted.

BACKUP GENERATOR
An independent source of power, usually fuelled by diesel or natural gas

BATTLE BOX
A container in which data, information and other essentials is stored so as to become readily available to those responding to an incident

BENCHMARKING
A form of comparison usually between the activities of one organisation and those of one or more comparable external organizations

BODY HOLDING AREA
An area close to the scene of an emergency where the dead can be held temporarily before transfer to the emergency mortuary or mortuary

BRONZE
Operational level is the level at which the management of hands-on work is undertaken at the incident site or impacted areas

BSA
Bomb Shelter Area; Internal area that offers protection from blast, flying glass and other fragments

BS15000
The British Standards Institution 'Specification for IS service management'.

BUILDING DENIAL
Any damage, failure or other condition which causes denial of access to the building or the working area within the building, e.g. fire, flood, contamination, loss of services, air conditioning failure, forensics

BUSINESS ACTIVITY
A group of activities/processes undertaken by an organisation to produce a product and/or service and/or in pursuit of a common goal

BUSINESS ACTIVITY LEVELS
The predicted or historic levels of business method activity that are to be or have been supported by the IS infrastructure. Measured in business terms (e.g. number of account holders)

BUSINESS CONTINUITY
A pro-active process which identifies the key functions of an organisation and the likely threats to those functions

BUSINESS CONTINUITY MANAGEMENT (BCM)
A holistic management process that identifies potential impacts that threaten an organization and provides a framework for building resilience with the capability for an effective response that safeguards the interests of its key stakeholders, reputation, brand and value creating activities. Also the management of the overall program through training, rehearsals, and reviews, to ensure the plan stays current and up to date.

BUSINESS CONTINUITY MANAGEMENT ACTIVITY
An action or series of actions that forms part of the BCM process

BUSINESS CONTINUITY MANAGEMENT CO-ORDINATOR
A member of the business continuity management team who is assigned the overall responsibility for co-coordinator of the recovery planning programme including team member training, testing and maintenance of recovery plans. (Associated terms: business recovery planner, disaster recovery planner, business recovery co-coordinator, disaster recovery administrator)

BUSINESS CONTINUITY MANAGEMENT LIFECYCLE
The activities and processes divided into various stages that are necessary to manage business continuity

BUSINESS CONTINUITY MANAGEMENT MATURITY
The level and degree to which business continuity activities have become standard and assured practices within the organisation

BUSINESS CONTINUITY MANAGEMENT PLAN
A collection of procedures and information which is developed, compiled and maintained in readiness for use in the event of an emergency or disaster

BUSINESS CONTINUITY MANAGEMENT PLANNING
The advance planning and preparations which are necessary to identify the impact of potential losses; to formulate and implement viable recovery strategies; to develop recovery plan(s) which ensure continuity of organisational services in the event of an emergency or disaster; and to administer a comprehensive training, testing and maintenance programme

BUSINESS CONTINUITY MANAGEMENT POLICY
A BCM policy sets out an organisations aims, principles & approach to BCM, what & how it will be delivered, key roles & responsibilities & how BCM will be governed & reported upon.

BUSINESS CONTINUITY MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME
An ongoing management & governance method supported by senior management & resourced to ensure that the necessary steps are taken to identify the impact of potential losses, maintain viable recovery strategies & plans, & ensure continuity of products/services through exercising, rehearsal, testing, training, maintenance & assurance

BUSINESS CONTINUITY MANAGEMENT STRATEGY
An approach by an organization that will ensure its recovery and continuity in the face of a disaster or other major outage

BUSINESS CONTINUITY MANAGEMENT TEAM
A group of individuals functionally responsible for directing the development and execution of the business continuity plan, as well as responsible for declaring a disaster and providing direction during the recovery process, both pre-disaster and post-disaster

BUSINESS CONTINUITY PLAN
A clearly defined and documented plan

BUSINESS CRITICAL POINT
The latest moment at which the business can afford to be without a critical function or process.

BUSINESS CRITICAL FUNCTIONS
Critical operational or support activities

BUSINESS IMPACT ANALYSIS (BIA)
A management level analysis which identifies the impacts of losing company resources. The BIA measures the effect of resource loss and escalating losses over time in order to provide senior management with reliable data upon which to base decisions on risk mitigation and continuity planning.

BUSINESS INTERRUPTION
Any event, whether anticipated (i.e., public service strike) or unanticipated (i.e., blackout) which disrupts the normal course of business operations at an organization’s location

BUSINESS INTERRUPTION COSTS
The impact to the business caused by different types of outages, normally measured by revenue lost

BUSINESS INTERRUPTION INSURANCE
Insurance coverage for disaster related expenses that may be incurred until operations are fully recovered after a disaster

BUSINESS RECOVERY COORDINATOR
An individual or group designated to coordinate or control designated recovery processes or testing

BUSINESS RECOVERY TIMELINE
The chronological sequence of recovery activities, or critical path, that must be followed to resume an acceptable level of operations following a business interruption. This timeline may range from minutes to weeks, depending upon the recovery requirements and methodology

BUSINESS RECOVERY TEAM
A group of individuals responsible for maintaining the business recovery procedures and coordinating the recovery of business functions and processes

BUSINESS UNIT RECOVERY
A component of Business Continuity which deals specifically with the recovery of a key function or department in the event of a disaster

c

CALL TREE
A document that graphically depicts the calling responsibilities and the calling order used to contact management, employees, customers, vendors, and other key contacts in the event of an emergency, disaster, or severe outage situation

CALL TREE CASCADE TEST
A test designed to validate the currency of contact lists & the processes by which they are maintained

CAPABILITY
Originally a military term which includes the aspects of personnel, equipment, training, planning and operational doctrine, now used to mean a demonstrable capacity or ability to respond to and recover from a particular threat or hazard

CASCADE SYSTEM
A system whereby one person or organization calls out/contacts others who in turn initiate further call-outs/contacts as necessary. Similar Terms: Contact List, Call Tree

CASUALTY BUREAU
The purpose of the Casualty Bureau is to provide the initial point of contact for the receiving and assessing of information relating to persons believed to be involved in the emergency. The primary objectives of a Casualty Bureau are: inform the investigation process relating to the incident; trace and identify people involved in the incident; and reconcile missing persons and collate accurate information in relation to the above for dissemination to appropriate parties

CATEGORY 1 RESPONDER
A person or body listed in Part 1 of Schedule 1 to the UK Civil Contingencies Act. These bodies are likely to be at the core of the response to most emergencies. As such, they are subject to the full range of civil protection duties in the Act. Examples of Category 1 responders include the emergency services and local authorities

CATEGORY 2 RESPONDER
A person or body listed in Part 3 of Schedule 1 to the UK Civil Contingencies Act. These are co-operating responders who are less likely to be involved in the heart of multi-agency planning work, but will be heavily involved in preparing for incidents affecting their sectors. The Act requires them to co-operate and share information with other Category 1 and 2 responders. Examples of Category 2 responders include utilities and transport companies.

CBRN
Chemical, Biological, Radiological & Nuclear. Chemical, biological and radiological incidents involve both the release of the corresponding material and threats, hoaxes and false alarms. A nuclear incident would involve the detonation of a nuclear weapon or an improvised nuclear device

CERTIFICATION
The formal evaluation of an organisation's processes by an independent & accredited body against a defined standard & the issuing of a certificate indicating conformance

CHANGE CONTROL
The procedures to ensure that all Changes are controlled, including the submission, recording, analysis, decision making, approval, implementation & post-implementation review of the change

CHECKLIST
a) Tool to remind and /or validate that tasks have been completed and resources are available, to report on the status of recovery. b) A list of items (names or tasks etc.) to be checked or consulted.

CHECKLIST EXERCISE
A method used to exercise a completed disaster recovery plan. This type of exercise is used to determine if the information such as phone numbers, manuals, equipment, etc. in the plan is accurate and current.

CIVIL CONTINGENCIES ACT
The Civil Contingencies Act 2004 establishes a single framework for civil protection in the United Kingdom. Part 1 of the Act establishes a clear set of roles and responsibilities for local responders. Part 2 modernises the emergency powers framework in the United Kingdom 

CIVIL EMERGENCY
Event or situation which threatens serious damage to human welfare in a place in the UK, the environment or security of the UK as defined in the Civil Contingencies Act 2004

CIVIL PROTECTION
Preparedness to deal with a wide range of emergencies from localised flooding to terrorist attack

COLD SITE
One or more data centres or office space facilities equipped with sufficient pre-qualified environmental conditioning, electrical connectivity, communications access, configurable space and access to accommodate the installation and operation of equipment by critical staff required to resume business operations

COMAH
UK Control of Major Accident Hazards regulations. They apply mainly to the chemical industry, but also to some storage, explosives and nuclear sites, and other facilities which use or keep dangerous substances

COMMAND AND CONTROL
Principles adopted by an agency acting with full authority to direct its own resources (both personnel and equipment)

COMMAND, CONTROL, AND COORDINATION
A Crisis Management process: Command means the authority for an organization or part of an organization to direct the actions of its own resources (both personnel and equipment). Control means the authority to direct strategic, tactical and operational operations in order to complete an assigned function. This includes the ability to direct the activities of others engaged in the completion of that function, i.e. the crisis as a whole or a function within the crisis management process. The control of an assigned function also carries with it the responsibility for the health and safety of those involved. Coordination means the integration of the expertise of all the agencies/roles involved with the objective of effectively and efficiently bringing the crisis to a successful conclusion

COMMAND CENTER
A physical or virtual facility located outside of the affected area used to gather, assess, and disseminate information and to make decisions to effect recovery

COMMUNICATIONS RECOVERY
The component of Disaster Recovery which deals with the restoration or rerouting of an organizations telecommunication network, or its components, in the event of loss

COMPUTER RECOVERY TEAM
A group of individuals responsible for assessing damage to the original system, processing data in the interim, and setting up the new system

CONSEQUENCE
The end result following an incident that can be defined as loss, injury, disadvantage or gain

CONSORTIUM AGREEMENT
An agreement made by a group of organizations to share processing facilities and/or office facilities, if one member of the group suffers a disaster

CONTACT LIST
A list of team members and/or key personnel to be contacted including their backups

CONTINGENCY FUND
An operating expense that exists as a result of an interruption or disaster which seriously affects the financial position of the organisation

CONTINGENCY PLAN
Actions to be followed in the event of a disaster or emergency occurring which threatens to disrupt or destroy the continuity of normal business activities and which seeks to restore operational capabilities. Now largely incorporated within Business Continuity Plan

CONTINGENCY PLANNING
Process of developing advanced arrangements and procedures that enable an organization to respond to an undesired event that negatively impacts the organization.

CONTINUITY OF OPERATIONS PLAN (COOP)
A COOP provides guidance on the system restoration for emergencies, disasters, mobilization, and for maintaining a state of readiness to provide the necessary level of information processing support commensurate with the mission requirements/priorities identified by the respective functional proponent. The US Federal Government and its supporting agencies traditionally use this term to describe activities otherwise known as Disaster Recovery, Business Continuity, Business Resumption, or Contingency Planning.

CONTINUOUS AVAILABILITY
A system or application that supports operations which continue with little to no noticeable impact to the user

CONTINUOUS OPERATIONS
The ability of an organization to perform its processes without interruption

CONTROL
Any action which reduces the probability of a risk occurring or reduces its impact if it does occur.

CONTROLLED AREA
The area contained, if practicable, by the inner cordon.

CORDON
The boundary line of a zone that is determines, reinforced by legislative power and exclusively controlled by the emergency services from which all unauthorised persons are excluded for a period of time

CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
The system/process by which the directors and officers of an organization are required to carry out and discharge their legal, moral and regulatory accountabilities and responsibilities

CORPORATE RISK
A category of risk management that looks at ensuring an organization meets its corporate governance responsibilities takes appropriate actions and identifies and manages emerging risks

COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS
A process (after a BIA and risk assessment) that facilitates the financial assessment of different strategic BCM options and balances the cost of each option against the perceived savings

COUNTERMEASURE
An action taken to reduce risk, it may reduce the value of the asset, the threats facing the asset or the vulnerability of that asset to those threats.

CRISIS
A critical event, which, if not handled in an appropriate manner, may dramatically impact an organizations profitability, reputation, or ability to operate. Or, an occurrence and/or perception that threatens the operations, staff, shareholder value, stakeholders, brand, reputation, trust and/or strategic/business goals of an organization. See: Event and Incident

CRISIS MANAGEMENT
The overall coordination of an organizations response to a crisis, in an effective, timely manner, with the goal of avoiding or minimizing damage to the organization’s profitability, reputation, and ability to operate

CRISIS MANAGEMENT TEAM (CMT)
A group of executives who direct the recovery operations whilst taking responsibility for the survival and the image of the enterprise.

CRISIS PLAN OR CRISIS MANAGEMENT PLAN
A plan of action designed to support the crisis management team when dealing with a specific emergency situation which might threaten the operations, staff, customers or reputation of an enterprise.

CRISIS SIMULATION
The process of testing an organization's ability to respond to a crisis in a coordinated, timely, and effective manner, by simulating the occurrence of a specific crisis

CRITICAL ACTIVITY
Activities which have to be performed in order deliver the most important outputs of the organisation 

CRITICAL BUSINESS FUNCTIONS
The critical operational and/or business support functions that could not be interrupted or unavailable for less than a mandated or predetermined timeframe without significantly jeopardizing the organization

CRITICAL DATA POINT
The point in time to which data must be restored in order to achieve recovery objectives

CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE
Physical assets whose incapacity or destruction would have a debilitating impact on the economic or physical security of an organization, community, nation, etc

CRITICAL RECORDS
Records or documents that, if damaged or destroyed, would cause considerable inconvenience and/or require replacement or recreation at considerable expense

CRITICAL SERVICE
Any service which is essential to support the survival of the enterprise

d

DAMAGE ASSESSMENT
The process of assessing damage to computer hardware, vital records, office facilities, etc. and determining what can be salvaged or restored and what must be replaced following a disaster

DATA BACKUPS
The copying of production files to media that can be stored both on and/or offsite and can be used to restore corrupted or lost data or to recover entire systems and databases in the event of a disaster

DATA BACKUP STRATEGIES
Data backup strategies will determine the technologies, media and offsite storage of the backups necessary to meet an organizations data recovery and restoration objectives

DATA CENTER RECOVERY
The component of Disaster Recovery which deals with the restoration of data centre services and computer processing capabilities at an alternate location and the migration back to the production site

DATA MIRRORING
A process whereby critical data is replicated to another device

DATA PROTECTION
Process of ensuring confidentiality, integrity and availability of data

DATA RECOVERY
The restoration of computer files from backup media to restore programs and production data to the state that existed at the time of the last safe backup

DATABASE REPLICATION
The partial or full duplication of data from a source database to one or more destination databases

DECISION POINT
The latest moment at which the decision to invoke emergency procedures has to be taken in order to ensure the continued viability of the enterprise

DECLARATION (OF DISASTER)
A formal statement that a state of disaster exists.

DECLARATION FEE
A fee charged by a Commercial Hot Site Vendor for a customer invoked disaster declaration

DELEGATION
A formal agreement whereby one organisations functions will be carried out by another

DENIAL OF ACCESS
The inability of an organization to access and/or occupy its normal working environment

DEPENDENCY
The reliance or interaction of one activity or process upon another

DESKTOP EXERCISE
See: Table Top Exercise.

DISASTER
A sudden, unplanned catastrophic event causing unacceptable damage or loss

DISASTER RECOVERY (DR)
The process of returning a business function to a state of normal operations either at an interim minimal survival level and/or re-establishing full scale operations

DISASTER RECOVERY OR BUSINESS CONTINUITY COORDINATOR
A role of the BCM program that coordinates planning and implementation for overall recovery of an organization or unit(s)

DISASTER RECOVERY PLAN (DRP) OR RECOVERY PLAN
A plan to resume, or recover, a specific essential operation, function or process of an enterprise

DISASTER RECOVERY PLANNING
The technical component of business continuity planning

DISASTER RECOVERY SOFTWARE
An application program developed to assist an organization in writing a comprehensive disaster recovery plan

DISASTER RECOVERY TEAMS (Business Recovery Teams)
A structured group of teams ready to take control of the recovery operations if a disaster should occur

DISK MIRRORING
Disk mirroring is the duplication of data on separate disks in real time to ensure its continuous availability, currency and accuracy. Disk mirroring can function as a disaster recovery solution by performing the mirroring remotely. True mirroring will enable a zero recovery point objective. Depending on the technologies used, mirroring can be performed synchronously, asynchronously, semi-synchronously, or point-in-time

DISRUPTION
An event which interupts the ability of an organisation to deliver its outputs 

DIVERSE ROUTING
The routing of information through split or duplicated cable facilities

DOWNTIME
The total period that a service or component is not operational within an agreed service time

DROP SHIP
A strategy for providing replacement hardware within a specified time period via prearranged contractual arrangements with an equipment supplier at the time of a business continuity event

e

ELECTRONIC VAULTING
Electronic transmission of data to a server or storage facility

EMERGENCY
An actual or impending situation that may cause injury, loss of life, destruction of property or interfere with normal business operations to such an extent to pose a threat of disaster

EMERGENCY (UK)
An event of situation that threatens serious damage to human welfare in a place in the UK or to the environment of a place in the UK, or war or terrorism which threatens serious damage to the security of the UK. To constitute an emergency this event or situation must require the implementation of special arrangements by one or more Category 1 responder.

EMERGENCY CONTROL CENTRE
The location from which disaster recovery is directed and tracked; it may also serve as a reporting point for deliveries, services, press and all external contacts

EMERGENCY COORDINATOR
The person designated to plan, exercise, and implement the activities of sheltering in place or the evacuation of occupants of a site with the first responders and emergency services agencies

EMERGENCY DATA SERVICES
Remote capture and storage of electronic data, such as journaling, electronic vaulting and database shadowing

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT TEAM
The group of staff who command the resources needed to recover the enterprises operations

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT PLAN
A plan which supports the emergency management team by providing them with information and guidelines

EMERGENCY OPERATIONS CENTER (EOC)
A site from which response teams/officials (municipal, county, state and federal) provide direction and exercise control in an emergency or disaster

EMERGENCY PLANNING (EP)
Development and maintenance of agreed procedures to prevent, reduce, control, mitigate and take other
actions in the event of an emergency.

EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS
The capability that enables an organization or community to respond to an emergency in a coordinated, timely, and effective manner to prevent the loss of life and minimize injury and property damage

EMERGENCY PROCEDURES
A documented list of activities to commence immediately to prevent the loss of life and minimize injury and property damage

EMERGENCY RESPONSE
The immediate reaction and response to an emergency situation commonly focusing on ensuring life safety and reducing the severity of the incident

EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLAN
A documented plan usually addressing the immediate reaction and response to an emergency situation

EMERGENCY RESPONSE PROCEDURES
The initial response to any event and is focused upon protecting human life and the organizations assets

EMERGENCY RESPONSE TEAM (ERT)
Qualified and authorized personnel who have been trained to provide immediate assistance

EMERGENCY SERVICES
Usually refers to the civil services of Police, Fire & Ambulance

ESCALATION
Passing information and/or requesting action on an Incident, Problem or Change to more senior staff (hierarchical escalation) or other specialists (functional escalation) The circumstances in which either vertical escalation for information/authority to apply further resources or horizontal escalation for greater functional involvement need to be precisely described, so that the purpose of the escalation & the nature of the required response is absolutely clear to all parties as the escalation occurs. Escalation rules will be geared to priority targets. Functional Escalation is sometimes called Referral

ENTERPRISE
An organisation, a corporate entity; a firm, an establishment, a public or government body, department or agency; a business or a charity

ENTERPRISE WIDE PLANNING
The overarching master plan covering all aspects of business continuity within the entire organization

EVACUATION
The movement of employees, visitors and contractors from a site and/or building to a safe place (assembly area) in a controlled and monitored manner at time of an event

EVENT
Any occurrence that may lead to a business continuity incident

EXCEPTION REPORTING
Reducing the Management Information produced to that which most demands or deserves attention. The Top Ten style of list is an example.

EXECUTIVE / MANAGEMENT SUCCESSION PLAN
A predetermined plan for ensuring the continuity of authority, decision-making, and communication in the event that key members of executive management unexpectedly become incapacitated

EXERCISE
A people focused activity designed to execute business continuity plans and evaluate the individual and/or organization performance against approved standards or objectives. Exercises can be announced or unannounced, and are performed for the purpose of training and conditioning team members, and validating the business continuity plan. Exercise results identify plan gaps and limitations and are used to improve and revise the Business Continuity Plans

EXERCISE AUDITOR
An appointed role that is assigned to assess whether the exercise aims / objectives are being met and to measure whether activities are occurring at the right time and involve the correct people to facilitate their achievement

EXERCISE CONTROLLER
See Exercise Owner

EXERCISE COORDINATOR
They are responsible for the mechanics of running the exercise

EXERCISE OBSERVER
An exercise observer has no active role within the exercise but is present for awareness and training purposes. An exercise observer might make recommendations for procedural improvements.

EXERCISE OWNER
An appointed role that has total management oversight and control of the exercise and has the authority to alter the exercise plan

EXERCISE PLAN
A plan designed to periodically evaluate tasks, teams, and procedures that are documented in business continuity plans to ensure the plans viability. This can include all or part of the BC plan, but should include mission critical components

EXPOSURE
The potential susceptibility to loss; the vulnerability to a particular risk

EXTRA EXPENSE
The extra cost necessary to implement a recovery strategy and/or mitigate a loss. An example is the cost to transfer inventory to an alternate location to protect it from further damage, cost of reconfiguring lines, overtime costs, etc. Typically reviewed during BIA and is a consideration during insurance evaluation.

f

FACILITIES MANAGEMENT (FM)
The function that manages all aspects of an organisations real estate assets & infrastructure

FAILURE
A failure occurs when a functional unit is no longer fit for purpose.

FALLBACK
Another term for alternative e.g. a fallback facility is another site/building that can be use when the original site/building is unusable or unavailable.

FAULT TOLERANCE
The ability of a service to continue when a failure occurs

FAMILY ASSISTANCE CENTRES
A one-stop-shop for survivors, families, friends and all those affected by the emergency, through which they can access support, care and advice.

FILE SHADOWING
The asynchronous duplication of the production database on separate media to ensure data availability, currency and accuracy

FIRST LEVEL SUPPORT
The technical & managerial resources within the Service Desk available at the initial point of contact with the Customer/User

FINANCIAL IMPACT
An operating expense that continues following an interruption or disaster, which as a result of the event cannot be offset by income and directly affects the financial position of the organization

FLOOR WARDEN
Person responsible for ensuring that all employees, visitors and contractors evacuate a floor within a specific site

FORWARD RECOVERY
The process of recovering a database to the point of failure by applying active journal or log data to the current backup files of the database

FULL REHEARSAL
An exercise that simulates a Business Continuity event where the organization or some of its component parts are suspended until the exercise is completed

g

GAP ANALYSIS
A detailed examination to identify risks associated with the differences between Business/Operations requirements and the current available recovery capabilities

GOLD
Strategic decision makers and groups at the local level. They establish the framework within which
operational and tactical managers work in responding to and recovering from emergencies

h

HAND-CARRIED BOMB
Any type of portable bomb, usually contained in a form that would blend easily with the target surroundings, for example, suitcases, handbags, briefcases, video cassette boxes

HARDENING
The process of making something more secure, resistant to attack, or less vulnerable

HAZARD
An accidental or naturally occurring event or situation with the potential to cause physical (or psychological) harm to members of the community (including loss of life), damage or losses to property, and/or disruption to the environment or to structures (economic, social, political) upon which a communitys way of life depends.

HAZARD OR THREAT IDENTIFICATION
The process of identifying situations or conditions that have the potential to cause injury to people, damage to property, or damage to the environment

HEALTH AND SAFETY
The process by which the well being of all employees, contractors, visitors and the public is safeguarded. All business continuity plans and planning must be cognizant of H&S statutory and regulatory requirements and legislation. Health and Safety considerations should be reviewed during the Risk assessment.

HIGH AVAILABILITY
Systems or applications requiring a very high level of reliability and availability. High availability systems typically operate 24x7 and usually require built-in redundancy to minimize the risk of downtime due to hardware and/or telecommunication failures

HIGH-RISK AREAS
Areas identified during the risk assessment that are highly susceptible to a disaster situation or might be the cause of a significant disaster

HOTSITE
An alternate facility that already has in place the computer, telecommunications, and environmental infrastructure required to recover critical business functions or information systems

HUMAN RESOURCE DISASTER RECOVERY
A specific strategy for dealing with risk assessment, prevention, control and business recovery for critical (key) personnel

HUMAN THREATS
Possible disruptions in operations resulting from human actions. (i.e., disgruntled employee, terrorism, blackmail, job actions, riots, etc.)

i

IED
Improvised Explosive Device

IMMEDIATE RECOVERY
In liberal terms, this IS Service Continuity option provides for the immediate recovery of services in a contingency situation. The instant availability of services distinguishes this option from what may be referred to as Hot Stand-by/Start, which typically will permit services to be recovered within 2 to 24 hours depending on the criticality of the business method they support. Depending on that business criticality, immediate recovery may then vary from zero to 24 hours

IMMEDIATE RECOVERY TEAM
The team with responsibility for implementing the business continuity plan and formulating the organisations initial recovery strategy

IMPACT
The effect, acceptable or unacceptable, of an event on an organization

IMPACT ANALYSIS
The identification of critical business processes & the potential damage or loss that may be caused to the organisation resulting from a disruption to those processes, or perhaps from a proposed change

INCIDENT
An event which is not part of a standard operating business which may impact or interrupt services and, in some cases, may lead to disaster

INCIDENT CATEGORISATION
A sub-division of Classification, which provides a means of identifying, using a series of structured codes, firstly, what appears to have gone wrong with the IS Service (the symptoms), secondly why (the cause of that failure) & thirdly identification of the component likely to be at fault. The category codes are elements within the classification data string & are essential for fault analysis purposes

INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM (ICS)
Combination of facilities, equipment, personnel, procedures, and communications operating within a common organizational structure with responsibility for the command, control, and coordination of assigned resources to effectively direct and control the response and recovery to an incident

INCIDENT MANAGEMENT
The process by which an organization responds to and controls an incident using emergency response procedures or plans

INCIDENT MANAGEMENT PLAN
A clearly defined and documented plan of action for use during an incident 

INCIDENT MANAGER
Commands the local emergency operations centre (EOC) reporting up to senior management on the recovery progress. Has the authority to invoke the recovery plan

INCIDENT RESPONSE
The response of an organization to a disaster or other significant event that may significantly impact the organization, its people, or its ability to function productively

INFORMATION SECURITY
The securing or safeguarding of all sensitive information, electronic or otherwise, which is owned by an organization

INFRASTRUCTURE
The underlying foundation, basic framework, or interconnecting structural elements that support an organization

INHERENT RISK
The possibility that some human activity or natural event will have an adverse affect on the asset(s) of an organisation & which cannot be managed or transferred away

INNER CORDON
Surrounds and protects the immediate scene of an incident

INTEGRATED EXERCISE
An exercise conducted on multiple interrelated components of a Business Continuity Plan, typically under simulated operating conditions. Examples of interrelated components may include interdependent departments or interfaced systems

INTEGRATED TEST
See integrated exercise

INTERIM SITE
A temporary location used to continue performing business functions after vacating a recovery site and before the original or new home site can be occupied. Move to an interim site may be necessary if ongoing stay at the recovery site is not feasible for the period of time needed or if the recovery site is located far from the normal business site that was impacted by the disaster. An interim site move is planned and scheduled in advance to minimize disruption of business processes; equal care must be given to transferring critical functions from the interim site back to the normal business site

INTERNAL HOTSITE
A fully equipped alternate processing site owned and operated by the organization

INVOCATION
A formal notification to a service provider that its services will be required

ISO 9000
Guidelines & assurances of method & procedure standards for quality assurance systems

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JOURNALING
The process of logging changes or updates to a database since the last full backup

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KEY PERFORMANCE INDICATOR
A measure (quantitative or qualitative) that enables the overall delivery of a service to be assessed by both business & IS representatives

KEY TASKS
Priority procedures and actions in a Business Continuity Plan that must be executed within the first few minutes/hours of the plan invocation

KNOWLEDGE BASE
Data repository holding information on Incidents, Problems & Known Errors, enabling an organisation to match new Incidents against previous ones & thus to reuse established solutions & approaches

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LEAD TIME
The time it takes for a supplier to make equipment, services, or supplies available after receiving an order

LIKLIHOOD
Chance of something happening 

LINE REROUTING
A short-term change in the routing of telephone traffic, which can be planned and recurring, or a reaction to an outage situation

LOGISTICS/TRANSPORTATION TEAM
A team comprised of various members representing departments associated with supply acquisition and material transportation, responsible for ensuring the most effective acquisition and mobilization of hardware, supplies, and support materials. This team is also responsible for transporting and supporting staff

LOSS
Negative consequence 

LOSS ADJUSTER
Designated position activated at the time of a Business Continuity event to assist in managing the financial implications of the event and should be involved as part of the management team where possible

LOSS REDUCTION
The technique of instituting mechanisms to lessen the exposure to a particular risk

LOST TRANSACTION RECOVERY
Recovery of data (paper within the work area and/or system entries) destroyed or lost at the time of the disaster or interruption. Paper documents may need to be requested or re-acquired from original sources. Data for system entries may need to be recreated or re-entered

LVBIED
Large Vehicle-Borne Improvised Explosive Device

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MAJOR INCIDENT
A UK Emergency Services definition. Any emergency that requires the implementation of special arrangements by one or more of the Emergency Services, National Health Service or a Local Authority

MAJOR INCIDENT
An Incident where the impact on the business is extreme

MANUAL PROCEDURES
An alternative method of working following a loss of IT systems

MAXIMUM TOLERABLE PERIOD OF DISRUPTION
The time after which disruption will become critical to the organisation or cause irrevocable damage

MARSHALLING AREA
Area to which resources and personnel not immediately required at the scene or being held for further use can be directed to stand by

MISSION-CRITICAL ACTIVITIES
The critical operational and/or business support activities (either provided internally or outsourced) required by the organization to achieve its objective(s) i.e. services and/or products

MISSION-CRITICAL APPLICATION
Applications that support business activities or processes that could not be interrupted or unavailable for 24 hours or less without significantly jeopardizing the organization

MOBILE RECOVERY
A mobilized resource purchased or contracted for the purpose of business recovery. The mobile recovery centre might include: computers, workstations, telephone, electrical power, etc

MOBILE STANDBY
A transportable operating environment, usually complete with accommodation and equipment, which can be transported and set up at a suitable site at short notice

MOBILE STANDBY TRAILER
A transportable operating environment, often a large trailer, that can be configured to specific recovery needs such as office facilities, call centres, data centres, etc. This can be contracted to be delivered and set up at a suitable site at short notice

MOBILISATION
The activation of the recovery organisation in response to an emergency or disaster declaration

MOCK DISASTER
One method of exercising teams in which participants are challenged to determine the actions they would take in the event of a specific disaster scenario. Mock disasters usually involve all, or most, of the applicable teams. Under the guidance of exercise coordinators, the teams walk through the actions they would take per their plans, or simulate performance of these actions. Teams may be at a single exercise location, or at multiple locations, with communication between teams simulating actual disaster mode communications. A mock disaster will typically operate on a compressed timeframe representing many hours, or even days

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N + 1
A fault tolerant strategy that includes multiple systems or components protected by one backup system or component

NATURAL THREATS
Events caused by nature that have the potential to impact an organization.

NETWORK OUTAGE
An interruption of voice, data, or IP network communications

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OFF-SITE LOCATION
A storage facility at a safe distance from the primary facility which is used for housing recovery supplies, equipment, vital records etc

OFF-SITE STORAGE
Any place physically located a significant distance away from the primary site, where duplicated and vital records (hard copy or electronic and/or equipment) may be stored for use during recovery

OPERATIONAL EXERCISE
See: Exercise

OPERATIONAL IMPACT
An impact which is not quantifiable in financial terms but its effects may be among the most severe in determining the survival of an organisation following a disaster

OPERATIONAL IMPACT ANALYSIS
Determines the impact of the loss of an operational or technological resource. The loss of a system, network or other critical resource may affect a number of business processes

OPERATIONAL RISK
The risk of loss resulting from inadequate or failed procedures and controls

OPERATIONAL TEST
A test conducted on one or more components of a plan under actual operating conditions.

ORDERLY SHUTDOWN
The actions required to rapidly and gracefully suspend a business function and/or system during a disruption.

ORGANISATION
Group of people and facilities with a collective identity e.g. a business or government department 

OUTAGE
The interruption of automated processing systems, infrastructure, support services, or essential business operations, which may result, in the organizations inability to provide services for some period of time

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PERIOD OF TOLERANCE
The period of time in which an incident can escalate to a potential disaster

PEER REVIEW
A review of a specific component of a plan by personnel (other than the owner or author) with appropriate technical or business knowledge for accuracy and completeness

PIPELINES SAFETY REGULATIONS 1996
UK Legislation on the management of pipeline safety, using an integrated, goal-setting, risk-based approach encompassing both onshore and offshore pipelines; includes the major accident prevention document, the arrangements for emergency plans and the transitional arrangements

PLAN ADMINISTRATOR
The individual responsible for documenting recovery activities and tracking recovery progress

PLAN MAINTENANCE
The management process of keeping an organizations Business continuity management plans up to date and effective. Maintenance procedures are a part of this process for the review and update of the BC plans on a defined schedule. Maintenance procedures are a part of this process

PLANNING ASSUMPTIONS
Descriptions of the types and scales of consequences for which organisations should be prepared to respond

POST IMPLEMENTATION REVIEW
One or more reviews held after the implementation of a Change to determine initially, if the Change has been implemented successfully & subsequently, if the expected benefits have been obtained.

PRE-POSITIONAL RESOURCE
Material (i.e. equipment, forms and supplies) stored at an off-site location to be used in business resumption and recovery operations. (Associated terms. pre-positioned inventory)

PREVENTATIVE MEASURES
Controls aimed at deterring or Mitigating undesirable events form taking place

PRIORITIZATION
The ordering of critical activities and their dependencies are established during the BIA and Strategic-planning phase. The business continuity plans will be implemented in the order necessary at the time of the event

PROTECTIVE SECURITY
The safeguarding of physical and personnel welfare or information

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QUALITATIVE ASSESSMENT
The process for evaluating a business function based on observations and does not involve measures or numbers. Instead, it uses descriptive categories such as customer service, regulatory requirements, etc to allow for refinement of the quantitative assessment. This is normally done during the BIA phase of planning

QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT
The process for placing value on a business function for risk purposes. It is a systematic method that evaluates possible financial impact for losing the ability to perform a business function. It uses numeric values to allow for prioritizations. This is normally done during the BIA phase of planning.

QUICK SHIP
See Drop Ship

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RADIATION (EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS AND PUBLIC INFORMATION) REGULATIONS 2001 (REPPIR), THE
Implemented in UK the articles on intervention in cases of radiation (radiological) emergency in Council Directive 96/29/Euratom, also known as the BS596 Directive. The Directive lays down the basic safety standards for the protection of the health of workers and the general public against the dangers arising from ionising radiation. The REPPIR also partly implement the Public Information Directive by subsuming the Public Information for Radiation Emergencies Regulations 1992 (PIRER) on informing the general public about health protection measures to be applied and steps to be taken in the event of an emergency.

RECIPROCAL AGREEMENT
Agreement between two organizations (or two internal business groups) with similar equipment/environment that allows each one to recover at the others location

RECOVERABLE LOSS
Financial losses due to an event that may be reclaimed in the future, e.g. through insurance or litigation. This is normally identified in the Risk Assessment or BIA

RECOVERY
Implementing the prioritized actions required to return the processes and support functions to operational stability following an interruption or disaster

RECOVERY EXERCISE
An announced or unannounced execution of business continuity plans intended to implement existing plans and / or highlight the need for additional plan development

RECOVERY MANAGEMENT TEAM
A team of people, assembled in an emergency, who are charged with recovering an aspect of the enterprise, or obtaining the resources required for the recovery

RECOVERY PERIOD
The time period between a disaster and a return to normal functions, during which the disaster recovery plan is employed

RECOVERY PLAN
A plan to resume a specific essential operation, function or process of an enterprise

RECOVERY POINT OBJECTIVE (RPO)
The maximum amount of data loss an organization can sustain during an event.

RECOVERY SERVICES AGREEMENT \ CONTRACT
A contract with an external organization guaranteeing the provision of specified equipment, facilities, or services, usually within a specified time period, in the event of a business interruption

RECOVERY SITE
A designated site for the recovery of business unit, technology, or other operations, which are critical to the enterprise

RECOVERY STRATEGY
A pre-defined, pre-tested, management approved course of action to be employed in response to a business disruption, interruption or disaster

RECOVERY TEAM
A group of individuals given responsibility for the co-ordination and response to an emergency or recovering a process or function in the event of a disaster

RECOVERY TIME OBJECTIVE (RTO)
The period of time within which systems, applications, or functions must be recovered after an outage (e.g. one business day)

RECOVERY TIMELINE
The sequence of recovery activities, or critical path, which must be followed to resume an acceptable level of operation following a business interruption. The timeline may range from minutes to weeks, depending upon the recovery requirements and methodology.

RECOVERY WINDOW
The time scale within which time sensitive function or business units must be restored, usually determined by means of a business impact analysis

REDUNDANCY
Where a system has been designed to eliminate single points of failure

RENDEZVOUS POINT
Point to which all vehicles and resources arriving at the outer cordon are directed

RESIDUAL RISK
The level of uncontrolled risk remaining after all cost-effective actions have been taken to lessen the impact & probability of a specific risk or group of risks, subject to the organisations risk appetite

RESILIENCE
The ability of an organization to absorb the impact of a business interruption, and continue to provide a minimum acceptable level of service

RESPONSE
The reaction to an incident or emergency to assess the damage or impact and to ascertain the level of containment and control activity required

RESTART
The procedure or procedures that return applications and data to a known start point. Application restart is dependent upon having an operable system

RESTORATION
Process of planning for and/or implementing procedures for the repair of hardware, relocation of the primary site and its contents, and returning to normal operations at the permanent operational location

RESUMPTION
The process of planning for and/or implementing the restarting of defined business processes and operations following a disaster. This process commonly addresses the most critical business functions within BIA specified timeframes

RDD
Radiological Dispersion Device. Commonly known as a "dirty bomb", designed to disperse radioactive material, with or without explosives

RISK
Potential for exposure to loss. Risks, either man-made or natural, are constant. The potential is usually measured by its probability in years

RISK APPETITE
Willingness of an organisation to accept a defined level of risk

RISK ASSESSMENT & MANAGEMENT
The identification and evaluation of operational risks that particularly affect the enterprises ability to function and addressing the consequences

RISK ASSESSMENT / ANALYSIS
Process of identifying the risks to an organization, assessing the critical functions necessary for an organization to continue business operations, defining the controls in place to reduce organization exposure and evaluating the cost for such controls

RISK CATEGORIES
Risks of similar types are grouped together under key headings, otherwise known as risk categories

RISK CONTROLS
All methods of reducing the frequency and/or severity of losses including exposure avoidance, loss prevention, loss reduction, segregation of exposure units and non-insurance transfer of risk

RISK MANAGEMENT
The culture, processes and structures that are put in place to effectively manage potential negative events. As it is not possible or desirable to eliminate all risk, the objective is to implement cost effective processes that reduce risks to an acceptable level, reject unacceptable risks and treat risk by financial interventions i.e. transfer other risks through insurance or other means, or by organizational intervention

RISK MITIGATION
Implementation of measures to deter specific threats to the continuity of business operations, and/or respond to any occurrence of such threats in a timely and appropriate manner

RISK REDUCTION OR MITIGATION
The implementation of the preventative measures which risk assessment has identified

RISK TRANSFER
A common technique used by Risk Managers to address or mitigate potential exposures of the organization. A series of techniques describing the various means of addressing risk through insurance and similar products

RISK TREATMENT
A systematic process of deciding which risks can be eliminated or reduced by remedial action and which must be tolerated

ROLL CALL
The process of identifying that all employees, visitors and contractors have been safely evacuated and accounted for following an evacuation of a building or site

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SALVAGE & RESTORATION
The act of performing a coordinated assessment to determine the appropriate actions to be performed on impacted assets.The assessment can be coordinated with Insurance adjusters, facilities personnel, or other involved parties. Appropriate actions may include: disposal, replacement, reclamation, refurbishment, recovery or receiving compensation for unrecoverable organizational assets

SCENARIO
A pre-defined set of Business Continuity events and conditions that describe, for planning purposes, an interruption, disruption, or loss related to some aspect(s) of an organizations business operations to support conducting a BIA, developing a continuity strategy, and developing continuity and exercise plans

SCOPE
Generally, the extent to which a method or procedure applies. The scope of Configuration Management may not, for example, extend to Customer information (other than on an as informed basis) & the scope of a Change Management procedure may not apply to Urgent Changes. Also a key concept in outsourcing, defining which activities are covered by the base contract & which are separately chargeable

SECURITY REVIEW
A periodic review of policies, procedures, and operational practices maintained by an organization to ensure that they are followed and effective

SELF INSURANCE
The pre-planned assumption of risk in which a decision is made to bear loses that could result from a Business Continuity event rather than purchasing insurance to cover those potential losses

SERVICE LEVEL AGREEMENT (SLA)
A formal agreement between a service provider (whether internal or external) and their client (whether internal or external), which covers the nature, quality, availability, scope and response of the service provider. The SLA should cover day-to-day situations and disaster situations, as the need for the service may vary in a disaster

SERVICE LEVEL MANAGEMENT (SLM)
The process of defining, agreeing, documenting and managing the levels of any type of services provided by service providers whether internal or external that are required and cost justified

SILVER
Tactical level of management introduced to provide overall management of the response

SIMULATION EXERCISE
One method of exercising teams in which participants perform some or all of the actions they would take in the event of plan activation. Simulation exercises, which may involve one or more teams, are performed under conditions that at least partially simulate disaster mode. They may or may not be performed at the designated alternate location, and typically use only a partial recovery configuration

SINGLE POINT OF FAILURE: (SPOF)
A unique pathway or source of a service, activity, and/or process

SITE ACCESS DENIAL
Any disturbance or activity within the area surrounding the site which renders the site unavailable, e.g. fire, flood, riot, strike, loss of services, forensics. The site itself may be undamaged

SOCIAL IMPACT
Any incident or happening that affects the well-being of a population and which is often not financially quantifiable

STANDBY SERVICE
The provision of the relevant recovery facilities, such as cold-site, warm-site, hot-site and mobile standby

STAKEHOLDERS
Those with a vested interest in an organisation 

STAND DOWN
Formal notification that the response to a Business Continuity event is no longer required or has been concluded

STANDALONE TEST
A test conducted on a specific component of a plan in isolation from other components to validate component functionality, typically under simulated operating conditions

STAKEHOLDERS
All those who have an interest in an organisation, its activities & it achievements

STRUCTURED WALKTHROUGH
Types of exercise in which team members physically implement the business continuity plans and verbally review each step to assess its effectiveness, identify enhancements, constraints and deficiencies

SUPPLY CHAIN
All suppliers, manufacturing facilities, distribution centres, warehouses, customers, raw materials, work-in-process inventory, finished goods, and all related information and resources involved in meeting customer and organizational requirements

SYSTEM
Set of related technology components that work together to support a business process or provide a service

SYSTEM DENIAL
A failure of the computer system for a protracted period, which may impact an enterprises ability to sustain its normal business activities

SYSTEM RECOVERY
The procedures for rebuilding a computer system and network to the condition where it is ready to accept data and applications, and facilitate network communications

SYSTEM RESTORE
The procedures necessary to return a system to an operable state using all available data including data captured by alternate means during the outage

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TABLE TOP EXERCISE
One method of exercising plans in which participants review and discuss the actions they would take without actually performing the actions. Representatives of a single team, or multiple teams, may participate in the exercise typically under the guidance of exercise facilitators

TASK LIST
Defined mandatory and discretionary tasks allocated to teams and/or individual roles within a Business Continuity Plan

TERMS OF REFERENCE
A document that usually describes the purpose & scope of an activity or requirement

TEST
A pass/fail evaluation of infrastructure (example-computers, cabling, devices, hardware) and\or physical plant infrastructure (example-building systems, generators, utilities) to demonstrate the anticipated operation of the components and system

THREAT
A combination of the risk, the consequence of that risk, and the likelihood that the negative event will take place

TRAUMA COUNSELING
The provisioning of counselling assistance by trained individuals to employees, customers and others who have suffered mental or physical injury as the result of an event

TRAUMA MANAGEMENT
The process of helping employees deal with trauma in a systematic way following an event by proving trained counsellors, support systems, and coping strategies with the objective of restoring employees psychological well being

TOLERANCE THRESHOLD
The maximum period of time which the business can afford to be without a critical function or process

TOP MANAGEMENT
Person/s who direct and control and organisation 

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UNEXPECTED LOSS
The worst-case financial loss or impact that a business could incur due to a particular loss event or risk. The unexpected loss is calculated as the expected loss plus the potential adverse volatility in this value

UNINTERTUPTIBLE POWER SUPPLY (UPS)
A backup electrical power supply that provides continuous power to critical equipment in the event that commercial power is lost. The UPS (usually a bank of batteries) offers short-term protection against power surges and outages. The UPS usually only allows enough time for vital systems to be correctly powered down

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VALIDATION SCRIPT
A set of procedures within the Business Continuity Plan to validate the proper function of a system or process before returning it to production operation.

VBIED
Vehicle-Borne Improvised Explosive Device. A car or van filled with explosive, driven to a target and detonated.

VENDOR
An individual or company providing a service to a department or the organisation as a whole

VIRUS
An unauthorised programme that inserts itself into a computer system & then propagates itself to other computers via networks or disks

VITAL RECORDS
Records essential to the continued functioning or reconstitution of an organization during and after an emergency and also those records essential to protecting the legal and financial rights of that organization and of the individuals directly affected by its activities

VOIED
Victim Operated Improvised Explosive Device or booby-trap bomb

VOLUNTARY SECTOR
Bodies, other than public authorities or local authorities, that carry out activities otherwise than for profit

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WARM SITE
An alternate processing site which is equipped with some hardware, and communications interfaces, electrical and environmental conditioning which is only capable of providing backup after additional provisioning, software or customization is performed

WMD
Weapons of Mass Destruction. WMD encompasses nuclear, biological and chemical weapons

WORKAROUND PROCEDURES
Alternative procedures that may be used by a functional unit(s) to enable it to continue to perform its critical functions during temporary unavailability of specific application systems, electronic or hard copy data, voice or data communication systems, specialized equipment, office facilities, personnel, or external services

WORK AREA STANDBY
A permanent or transportable office environment, complete with appropriate office infrastructure

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Z-CARDS
A patented format for publishing information, p to an A3-sized page can be folded down to credit card size. This size means it is convenient to carry and can be stored in pockets, handbags, etc